IRIS es un consorcio auspiciado por la National Science Foundation NSF dedicado a la operación de infraestructura científica para la adquisición, administración y distribución de datos sísmicos de libre disponibilidad.
Entre la gran cantidad de datos y software de administración y procesamiento disponible, el convertidor de formato de miniseed a SAC (mseed2sac) me resulta de gran utilidad.
Para acceder al software:
- Visitar el website de IRIS, ir a programas, localizar conversores de formatos y descargar.
- Una vez descargado, desempaquetar con "tar -xzvf filename" y ejecutar el comando "make" dentro del directorio desempaquetado. Al ejecutar este comando la compilación será automática.
- Luego establecer en el path del usuario la ruta del programa y YA!!!
Espacio dedicado a temas relacionados con las ciencias: Geofísica, Sismología, Geodesia entre otros...
miércoles, 15 de diciembre de 2010
Geodetic studies using GPS receivers and Acoustic Transporders
Using Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers and acoustic transponders, Gagnon et al. (2005) estimate that the measured horizontal surface motion perpendicular to the trench (in western border of the Lima peruvian coastal region) is consistent with a model having no slip along the thrust fault between 2 and 40 km depth. These results suggest that the updip limit of the seismogenic zone is relatively shallow giving rise to potentially larger tsunamis.
A tsunami in 1996, 200 km north of the locked zone, was interpreted as being the result of an anomalously shallow interplate earthquake (now called Tsunami-Earthquakes). Seismic coupling at shallow depths, such as is observed, may explain why co-seismic events in the Peruvian subduction zone create large tsunamis.
Historically this region has been scenario of great and large eathquakes acompanied by devasting Tsunamis. According to Sigaldo (1985) the 1746 earthquake (M>8) caused great destruction and a big number of death toll and casulaties. The tsunami asociated to this earthquake may have had waves up to 10 meters height and run-ups of several hundred meters.
A tsunami in 1996, 200 km north of the locked zone, was interpreted as being the result of an anomalously shallow interplate earthquake (now called Tsunami-Earthquakes). Seismic coupling at shallow depths, such as is observed, may explain why co-seismic events in the Peruvian subduction zone create large tsunamis.
Historically this region has been scenario of great and large eathquakes acompanied by devasting Tsunamis. According to Sigaldo (1985) the 1746 earthquake (M>8) caused great destruction and a big number of death toll and casulaties. The tsunami asociated to this earthquake may have had waves up to 10 meters height and run-ups of several hundred meters.
martes, 14 de diciembre de 2010
Instalar GAMIT/GLOBK en MacbookPro 10.6.5
GAMIT/GLOBK permite estimar la posición relativa de puntos de observación y satélites GPS. Este software modela la fase de las ondas emitidas por los satélites (cuyas órbitas son muy bien estimadas) y estimar la posición de un conjunto de puntos de observación. Debido a que la solución obtenida con GAMIT no esta del todo constreñida dentro de un marco de referencia fijo, GLOBK realiza los 7 parámetros de transformación (3 de rotación, 3 traslación y 1 de escala) dentro de un marco de referencia fijo (puede ser: ITRF2005 o ITRF2008), permitiendo obtener, además de parámetros orbitales y de rotación de la tierra, posiciones y velocidades muy precisas (del orden de mm). Este programa que principalmente es utilizado para estudiar deformación cortical, ha sido desarrollado por el MIT, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and Harvard University con apoyo de NSF.
Pasos para instalar GAMIT/GLOBK en Mac10.6.5:
1. Requerimientos previos:
3. Cargar el instalador del programa "install_software" (esto descomprimira los files *.gz)
4. Es necesario (si aparecen errores relacionados a X11) modificar la librería "MAKEFILE.config" para Mac OS. Para ello, editar dicho archivo (
5. Luego ejecutar nuevamente el instalador:
6. Si persistiese algún mensaje de error se puede probar actualizando the Darwin number to 1000:
7. Luego relanzar nuevamente el instalador
Pasos para instalar GAMIT/GLOBK en Mac10.6.5:
1. Requerimientos previos:
- Instalar Apple XCode Dev Tools 3.2.1 with X11 SDK
- Instalar gfortran binaries (http://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/GFortranBinaries)
- Descargar el código fuente de GAMIT/GLOBK desde el servidor FTP del MIT, para ello es necesario registrarse (ir a pagina de GAMIT)
#chmod u+x install_software
#chmod u+x install_updates
3. Cargar el instalador del programa "install_software" (esto descomprimira los files *.gz)
# sudo install_software
4. Es necesario (si aparecen errores relacionados a X11) modificar la librería "MAKEFILE.config" para Mac OS. Para ello, editar dicho archivo (
libraries/Makefile.config
) y descomentar las lineas asociadas a Mac OS X y comentar las que estaban anteriormente libres: # Specific for MacOSX
X11LIBPATH /usr/X11/lib
X11INCPATH /usr/X11/include/X11
5. Luego ejecutar nuevamente el instalador:
# sudo install_software
6. Si persistiese algún mensaje de error se puede probar actualizando the Darwin number to 1000:
#------ for Mac OSX 5.2-8.8.0 (10.4-10.6)
OS_ID Darwin 1000 9900
# ASSIGMENTS
### GCC V4 gfortran flags ###
FTN = gfortran
FFLAGS = -O3 -Wuninitialized -fno-f2c -ffast-math -fno-automatic -fno-backslash
CC = gcc
CFLAGS = -g -m32
# EXPLICIT_RULES
ranlib THELIB
ranlib THELIB
# SUFFIX_RULES
.c.a:
$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -I$(II) $< ar rv $@ *.o
rm -f $*.o
.c.a:
$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) -I$(II) $< ar rv $@ *.o
rm -f $*.o
.f.a:
$(FTN) -c $(FFLAGS) $<
ar rv $@ *.o
rm -f $*.o
# BLOCKEND$(FTN) -c $(FFLAGS) $<
ar rv $@ *.o
rm -f $*.o
7. Luego relanzar nuevamente el instalador
domingo, 28 de noviembre de 2010
Earthquakes - Terremotos
Earthquakes are among the deadliest natural disaster, causing the largest number of casualties, the highest death tolls, and the greatest destruction. In 1556 in China, the deadliest earthquake in history killed 830,000 people. But many other other have caused the death of more than 100,000 people, and it is not unusual, even in modern times, for an earthquake death tolls to reach 20,000 to 30,000 people with hundreds of thousands left homeless.
There are four factor that affect the casualty rate and economic impact of earthquakes: MAGNITUDE, LOCATION, QUALITY OF CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS, AND TIMING.
MAGNITUDE, or strength of an earthquake, is usually measured in the Richter scale (although nowadays Mw scale is more used, i will write about it...), ranging from 1 to 10, with 10 being the greatest. Earthquakes over 6 on the Richter scale (shallow, less than 70 km depth) are often deadly, and those over 8 are generally catastrophic, causing terrible damage.
LOCATION, however, a severe earthquake is located far from population centers does not cause the same damages as a less severe one that occurs in the middle of a city. As an example in 1960, the strongest earthquake ever recorded, 9.5 on the Richter scale, struck in the Pacific Ocean near the Chilean coastline, killing over 2,000 people and injuring other 3,000. If this quake had struck a city, it would have been catastrophic, and hundred of thousands might have been killed. Similarly in Alaska, in 1964, a magnitude 9.2 earthquake hit an area with few people and the dead toll was 117.
QUALITY OF CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS, furthermore, modern building construction techniques can lessen the death toll and economic impact of a moderate earthquake that would otherwise cause severe destruction of older-style buildings. In 2003, a terrible earthquake in the historic city of Ban in Iran caused the destruction of over 90% of the buildings, mostly due to old construction.
TIMING. the time of occurrence of an earthquake can affect the number of deaths and casualties. Earthquakes that occur in the night, when people are indoors, usually cause greater death toll than ones that occur when people are outdoors.
tips:
Natural Disaster: a disaster caused by nature not people.
Death Toll: the number of poeple killed
Casualties/Victims: people who are either injured or killed in a disaster
Missing: people who can't be found after the disaster
Homeless: people who have no place to live after a disaster (extracted from: Sawslow&ascher)
There are four factor that affect the casualty rate and economic impact of earthquakes: MAGNITUDE, LOCATION, QUALITY OF CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS, AND TIMING.
MAGNITUDE, or strength of an earthquake, is usually measured in the Richter scale (although nowadays Mw scale is more used, i will write about it...), ranging from 1 to 10, with 10 being the greatest. Earthquakes over 6 on the Richter scale (shallow, less than 70 km depth) are often deadly, and those over 8 are generally catastrophic, causing terrible damage.
LOCATION, however, a severe earthquake is located far from population centers does not cause the same damages as a less severe one that occurs in the middle of a city. As an example in 1960, the strongest earthquake ever recorded, 9.5 on the Richter scale, struck in the Pacific Ocean near the Chilean coastline, killing over 2,000 people and injuring other 3,000. If this quake had struck a city, it would have been catastrophic, and hundred of thousands might have been killed. Similarly in Alaska, in 1964, a magnitude 9.2 earthquake hit an area with few people and the dead toll was 117.
QUALITY OF CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS, furthermore, modern building construction techniques can lessen the death toll and economic impact of a moderate earthquake that would otherwise cause severe destruction of older-style buildings. In 2003, a terrible earthquake in the historic city of Ban in Iran caused the destruction of over 90% of the buildings, mostly due to old construction.
TIMING. the time of occurrence of an earthquake can affect the number of deaths and casualties. Earthquakes that occur in the night, when people are indoors, usually cause greater death toll than ones that occur when people are outdoors.
tips:
Natural Disaster: a disaster caused by nature not people.
Death Toll: the number of poeple killed
Casualties/Victims: people who are either injured or killed in a disaster
Missing: people who can't be found after the disaster
Homeless: people who have no place to live after a disaster (extracted from: Sawslow&ascher)
miércoles, 24 de noviembre de 2010
Some notes for EARTHQUAKES, SLOW SLIP EVENTS AND SEISMIC TREMORS
En la escala de tiempo de años (sean décadas o siglos), el movimiento que ejercen las corrientes convectivas del manto así como la cinemática producida por la creación de nueva corteza oceánica, hacen que en los limites de placa (zonas sismogénicas) se produzca continua acumulación de esfuerzos (energía atrapada en la denominada "Locked Zone"). Cuando los esfuerzos acumulados superan un umbral de fallamiento, la energía acumulada se libera a través de grandes terremotos. El video incrustado ilustra el proceso de acumulación y liberación de energía; y en el se observa que debido a este proceso, los primeros kilómetros de la corteza continental sufren deformación hasta un punto en el que la resistencia a la deformación es vencida y la energía se libera. Cuando esto ocurre y si el sismo supera una magnitud del orden de Mw=7 es por demás seguro que la dislocación ejercida por el sismo originará un Tsunami . (Fuente del video: Caltech Tectonics Observatory)
En la figura siguiente se ilustra un esquema de una zona sismogénica en un límite de placa convergente (caso: placa de Nazca subduciendo a la Sudamericana) y en el se indican las propiedades friccionales del proceso de subducción. La nucleación de los sismos se produce en materiales que presentan velocidades tipo weakening, es decir en la zona simogénica propiamente dicha (en el esquema, zona color rojo), y es capaz de propagarse hacia la zona condicionalmente estable, es decir la zona de transición (en el esquema, zona color amarillo), pero no llega a propagarse hacia la zona con velocidades tipo strengthening (es decir la parte estable de la zona de contacto). La nucelación de los sismos lentos (slow slip events SSE) ocurre en las zonas de transición, especialmente en el límite inferior de la zona sismogénica donde las condiciones de presión y temperatura favorecerían la generación de este tipo de eventos. Fuente de la imagen: Schwartz, et al., 2007). Asimismo, debido a la heterogenidad de la zona sismogénica (coupled zone), habría zonas en las que se producirían movimientos lentos. Recientemente la comunidad científica ha adoptado los términos términos ETS and SSE para referirse a movimientos transientes que ocurren en la zona de subduccion (i.e. Non-Volcanic Tremors, LFE, VLF, entre otros).
Los términos velocity weakening y velocity strenghthening pueden ser mejor entendidos con el grafico que propone Schloz (1998), a partir de ensayos de laboratorio y quien sugiere que los sismos que ocurren en la zona sismogénica se estarían controlados por condiciones de presión elevada y temperaturas entre 100 a ~350°C. A mayor profundidad y por ende mayor presión y temperatura (en la zona de transición T>350) se producirían eventos del tipo SSEs.
sábado, 20 de noviembre de 2010
El regimen stick-slip
En los últimos años la comunidad científica viene adoptando el concepto de Fenomeno Stick-Slip (basado en las leyes de fricción de los materiales)con el cual se explicarían los mecanismos que dan origen a la ruptura de las fallas.
El siguiente vídeo (que quizás no sea el mas apropiado para sismologia, ya que no representa el deslizamiento entre dos grandes bloques o placas) ilustra de manera sencilla como se produce el fenómeno stick-slip.
El siguiente vídeo (que quizás no sea el mas apropiado para sismologia, ya que no representa el deslizamiento entre dos grandes bloques o placas) ilustra de manera sencilla como se produce el fenómeno stick-slip.
3D Slab subduction geometry beneath Peru
This representation is based on a three-dimensional compilation of diverse types of seismic data whose allow to approximate to the surface of the slab subduction geometry in the peruvian zone. This model is based on a probabilistic non-linear fit to data from a combined catalog consisting of several independent data sets - historic earthquake catalogs, CMT solutions, active seismic profiles, global plate boundaries, bathymetry and sediment thickness information.
The colored dots correspond to subduction earthquakes taken forn the Engdalh and Villasenor catalog. This view NE-SW shows the complex geometry of the slab .... more comments... later....
The colored dots correspond to subduction earthquakes taken forn the Engdalh and Villasenor catalog. This view NE-SW shows the complex geometry of the slab .... more comments... later....
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